Data

Basic Data Types

• character: "a", "test"
• numeric: 2, 47.5
• integer: 2L (L is a special instruction to treat number as an interger)
• logical: TRUE, FALSE
• complex: 1 + 2i

z-test

# This is a sample from a population with known standard deviation
x <- rnorm(12, mean=0, sd=2)
BSDA::z.test(x, mu = 1, sigma.x = 2, conf.level = 0.95)

##
## One-sample z-Test
##
## data: x
## z = -1.6353, p-value = 0.102
## alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 1
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -1.075717 1.187454
## sample estimates:
## mean of x
## 0.0558687

Description

Data manipulation using R refers to the process of transforming, cleaning, aggregating, and reorganizing data to extract valuable insights or prepare it for further analysis. This article mainly talk about several packages for data processing using R.

Base package